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The kinship relation is thus the basis of the transcendental subjectivity that Husserl said is intersubjectivity. The mushrooms themselves are eaten in pairs, a couple representing man and woman that symbolizes the dual principle of procreation and creation. Then they sit together in their inner light, dream and realize and converse with each other, presences seated there together, their bodies immaterialized by the blackness, voices from without their communality. In a general sense, for everyone present the purpose of the session is a therapeutic catharsis. The chemicals of transformation of revelation that open the circuits of light, vision, and communication, called by us mind-manifesting, were known to the American Indians as medicines: the means given to men to know and to heal, to see and to say the truth. Among the Mazatecs, many, one time or another during their lives, have eaten the mushrooms, whether to cure themselves of an ailment or to resolve a problem; but it is not everyone who has a predilection for such extreme and arduous experiences of the creative imagination or who would want to repeat such journeys into the strange, unknown depths of the brain very frequently: those who do are the shamans, the masters, whose vocation it is to eat the mushrooms because they are the men of the spirit, the men of language, the men of wisdom. They are individuals recognized by their people to be expert in such psychological adventures, and when the others eat the mushrooms they always call to be with them, as a guide, one of those who is considered to be particularly acquainted with these modalities of the spirit. The medicine man presides over the session, for just as the Mazatec family is paternal and authoritarian, the liberating experience unfolds in the authoritarian context of a situation in which, rather than being allowed to speak or encouraged to express themselves, everyone is enjoined to keep silent and listen while the shaman speaks for each of those who are present. As one of the early Spanish chroniclers of the New World said: "They pay a sorcerer who eats them the mushrooms] and tells them what they have taught him. He does so by means of a rhythmic chant in full voice." <p align="left"> &#73&#110 &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#109&#97&#110&#121 early users &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#98&#121 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 published literature or the many news items appearing in &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 during the late l960's &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#108&#57&#55&#48&#39&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided &#97&#110 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 <i>psychedelic mushroom chocolates</i> &#116&#104&#101 use &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#121 young &#116&#101&#101&#110&#97&#103&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#116 &#97 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#104&#105&#103&#104 school in Brisbane: "...children at a &#115&#117&#98&#117&#114&#98&#97&#110 &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#66&#114&#105&#115&#98&#97&#110&#101 River near &#84&#111&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#105&#103&#104 &#83&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108&#44 &#97&#110&#100 children in search of &#96&#107&#105&#99&#107&#115&#39 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 with them (Unsigned, &#49&#57&#55&#50&#41&#46&#34 &#73&#116 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when &#105&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#116&#44 <a href="http://growset.com/buy_shrooms_australia/buy_magic_mushroom_spores.htm" title="Buy Shrooms Australia Buy Magic Mushroom Spores" alt="Buy Shrooms Australia Buy Magic Mushroom Spores" >Buy Shrooms Australia Buy Magic Mushroom Spores</a> that &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#111&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 mushrooms &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 find them &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#115&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#105&#114&#101&#100&#46 There &#105&#115 &#121&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#97&#99&#116&#111&#114 that may have &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#97 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116 &#114&#111&#108&#101 in promoting interest in the use &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ. &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#114 mycophillic individuals may have &#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#114 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#111&#102 R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery &#111&#102 &#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 cult among the &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported <a href="http://growset.com/buy_Psilocin_and_Psilocybin.htm" title="Buy Psilocin And Psilocybin" alt="Buy Psilocin And Psilocybin" >Buy Psilocin And Psilocybin</a> the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms &#97&#115 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 the Mazatecs and other &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#79&#97&#120&#97&#99&#97&#44 Mexico (see &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 with the &#105&#110&#99&#101&#110&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#115&#101&#101&#107 &#111&#117&#116&#44 find, and eventually &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 </p> <p align="center"> The first livestock to <u>buy magic mushrooms</u> arrive in <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_grower_guide/en_growing_loc_loc_magic_mushroom_us.htm" title="Magic Mushroom Grower Guide En Growing Loc Loc Magic Mushroom Us" alt="Magic Mushroom Grower Guide En Growing Loc Loc Magic Mushroom Us" >Magic Mushroom Grower Guide En Growing Loc Loc Magic Mushroom Us</a> Australia were <a href="http://growset.com/mushroom_hunting/stuffed_mushroom_recipe.htm" title="Mushroom Hunting Stuffed Mushroom Recipe" alt="Mushroom Hunting Stuffed Mushroom Recipe" >Mushroom Hunting Stuffed Mushroom Recipe</a> brought from the Cape of &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110 </p> by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio </p> <h3>alkaloid extractions from psilocybin mushrooms</h3> <p> a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of n the U.S.) contribute to the therapeutic process; they may even be the sole source for future progress. Under these conditions, stereo music also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. It appears that these kinds of specific experiences may also account for the remarkable success of treating terminal patients with LSD to ease their fears in the face of death and to reduce even the most severe forms of pain. In many such cases, symptoms disappeared entirely, and relief from pain and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute effects had worn off. A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, which serves to underscore the fact that systematic efforts to investigate these particular therapeutic benefits have only just begun. So far, LSD has been the most widely studied substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients, as well as dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a synthetic drug structurally similar to psilocybin that is active only when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from Switzerland gives a detailed account of her second mushroom experience. Her first experiment, with Psilocybe cubensis, had already introduced her to the realm of mystical experiences. For her second journey, she used 20 Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms as part of a group ritual and achieved transcendence. A remarkable feature of her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next to another participant, seeking to connect with others in preparation for my journey. We proceeded to eat the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. The mushrooms's effects came on much faster than they did during my first experiment. Twice I tried to establish closer contact with my fellow participant, but he was very nervous, and no source of reassurance for me. I was seeking my spiritual companion, but did not find that person among the present group. I became a figure in a long, white robe, wandering aimlessly among the columns (Greece?), still searching. My gaze lingered briefly on the wall next to the door and I saw faces and figures appear and vanish, but they did not hold my interest. It was hopeless. I continued my aimless roaming, and I was on the material plane, which I wanted to leave - had to leave. Suddenly, I found myself with one of the guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into the distance, longing to be free of the material plane, but unable to do so. For a long time, I failed to connect with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me directly. The path by which to reach me runs through my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I asked him to help me on my way and invited him to look into my eyes. I felt as if all life energy was draining from my bo INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). went in waves. Increasingly, all colors in her immediate surroundings coalesced into shades of green. The hallucinations were fearsome; the heads of monsters became visible and a wall opened up into an abyss. There was a succession of human figure with animal heads. The next day, everything was back to normal. The oldest child (age 14) also saw her parents' hair color turn green, had dilated pupils and watched geometric shapes appear on the wall. The youngest child (age 11) experienced cramps and lost consciousness. In 1960, Singer and Guzman suggested that Panaeolus cyanescens might contain psilocybin, because of the intense blue staining they had observed. It wasn't until after the intoxications in Menton had been publicized, that a research team working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering the powerful effects, however, this concentration appears to be too low to cause such impressive reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories reported the level of psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the presence of serotonin and its derivates in the mushroom sample that was being tested. According to Stijve, a mushroom sample collected by J.W. Allen in Thailand contained 0.4% - 1.05% of psilocin, with only trace amounts of psilocybin; serotonin was present in large amounts, comparable to concentrations found in all Panaeolus species. Apparently, Panaeolus cyanescens produces more psilocin than psilocybin. Still, I was able to detect 0.4% of psilocybin in mycelia cultivated on malt agar, with no other indole compounds present. Discussion of the Panaeolus species would remain incomplete without pointing out that those subjectively terrifying psychoses reported in 1965 cannot be attributed to a specific mushroom ingredient, but were likely precipitated by the circumstances (set and setting) surrounding the incident. The effects described by J. Allen in Hawaii after eating 20 specimens paint a different picture altogether: With radio music playing softly in the dark, euphoria began to come on in waves. After 20 minutes, visions became so intense that I tried to close my eyes. Whenever 1 did close my eyes, my eyelids felt as if they were being sprayed from the outside. Colors were sharp and clear, but I always quickly opened my eyes again. Colors were dancing like laser beams to the rhythm of the music. The stars in the sky assembled in clusters that reached all the way into my soul. I was a little scared at the idea that the ocean water might rush up all the way into our hut. Other than that, feelings of euphoria were overwhelming. At times, I was overcome by fits of laughter. That night, I slept like "a prince ". The following morning I gathered up my belongings and had to walk back across the pasture where I had collected the mushrooms the day before. I noticed a lot o CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some] farmers in early times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a mealto liven it up and still do] Margot & Watling, 1981)." several members of a family eat the mushrooms together: it is not uncommon for a father, mother, children, uncles, and aunts to all participate in these transformations of the mind that elevate consciousness onto a higher plan. The kinship relation is thus the basis of the transcendental subjectivity that Husserl said is intersubjectivity. The mushrooms themselves are eaten in pairs, a couple representing man and woman that symbolizes the dual principle of procreation and creation. Then they sit together in their inner light, dream and realize and converse with each other, presences seated there together, their bodies immaterialized by the blackness, voices from without their communality. In a general sense, for everyone present the purpose of the session is a therapeutic catharsis. The chemicals of transformation of revelation that open the circuits of light, vision, and communication, called by us mind-manifesting, were known to the American Indians as medicines: the means given to men to know and to heal, to see and to say the truth. Among the Mazatecs, many, one time or another during their lives, have eaten the mushrooms, whether to cure themselves of an ailment or to resolve a problem; but it is not everyone who has a predilection for such extreme and arduous experiences of the creative imagination or who would want to repeat such journeys into the strange, unknown depths of the brain very frequently: those who do are the shamans, the masters, whose vocation it is to eat the mushrooms because they are the men of the spirit, the men of language, the men of wisdom. They are individuals recognized by their people to be expert in such psychological adventures, and when the others eat the mushrooms they always call to be with them, as a guide, one of those who is considered to be particularly acquainted with these modalities of the spirit. The medicine man presides over the session, for just as the Mazatec family is paternal and authoritarian, the liberating experience unfolds in the authoritarian context of a situation in which, rather than being allowed to speak or encouraged to express themselves, everyone is enjoined to keep silent and listen while the shaman speaks for each of those who are present. As one of the early Spanish chroniclers of the New World said: "They pay a sorcerer who eats them the mushrooms] and tells them what they have taught him. He does so by means of a rhythmic chant in full voice." </p> <h3>drawings of mushrooms @ 3/12/2010 6:08:27 PM</h3> <p> </p> <p> a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_aucklandii/side_effects_of_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Aucklandii Side Effects Of Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Aucklandii Side Effects Of Shrooms" >Psilocybe Aucklandii Side Effects Of Shrooms</a> INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#41 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 traditionally used in religious &#104&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#105&#101&#115 by native &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#115&#111&#97&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#111&#114&#101 than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#98&#121 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#115 widespread, especially &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 the United States, Canada, &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#44 &#67&#97&#114&#105&#98&#98&#101&#97&#110&#44 &#71&#114&#101&#97&#116 &#66&#114&#105&#116&#97&#105&#110&#44 Europe &#40&#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#41&#44 Scandinavia, South America, &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#44 &#66&#97&#108&#105&#44 Samoa; &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101 modern, non-traditional &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 stimulated, &#98&#121 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#97 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#105&#110 newspapers, &#109&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101&#115&#44 &#119&#111&#114&#100&#45&#111&#102&#45&#109&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 Wide Web &#97&#110&#100 &#73&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#116&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#115&#111 by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown &#101&#116&#104&#110&#111&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#46 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110&#13&#10&#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#40&#72&#97&#114&#118&#97&#114&#100 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 Timothy Leary, &#116&#114&#97&#118&#101&#108&#101&#114 &#74&#101&#114&#101&#109&#121 &#83&#97&#110&#102&#111&#114&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#97&#108&#116&#104 &#103&#117&#114&#117 &#65&#110&#100&#114&#101&#119 Weil, and others (see Allen , &#77&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59&#74&#97&#110&#115&#101&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#57&#49&#41&#46&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 guide reviews the history of both the accidental and &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#102&#117&#108 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 mushrooms &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119&#13&#10&#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 Information &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#104&#97&#115 been &#103&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 in Australia &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#117&#116&#104&#111&#114 &#97&#110&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 communications &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#40&#78&#90&#41&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#102&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#115 (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). <p align="center"> ecialize in the study &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#99&#116 that Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes.<br> &#65&#108&#115&#111&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#111&#118&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115 are not purely <a href="http://growset.com/mushroom_hunting.htm" title="Mushroom Hunting" alt="Mushroom Hunting" >Mushroom Hunting</a> &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#55&#46&#52&#41&#13&#10&#100&#111 not usually preserve &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#111&#115&#116&#101&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#105&#110 the form of distribution maps. However, there is &#111&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#112 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49&#57&#56&#54&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#115&#104&#111&#119&#115 the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#48&#44 &#112&#46&#13&#10&#50&#56&#41&#46&#13&#10&#65&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 no &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#97&#118&#97&#105&#108&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#121 &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#116&#114&#105&#112&#115&#44 I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 such as near my hometown of &#77&#97&#110&#115&#102&#101&#108&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#86&#111&#114&#104&#97&#114&#122&#13&#10&#77&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#44 in the marshlands of Duben as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 German &#109&#97&#114&#115&#104&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#114&#105&#101&#110&#100&#115 who &#97&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#111&#108&#100 me about finding the mushrooms in other parts of &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121&#46 &#65 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in 1952 is among &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 includes details about specimens &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 state &#111&#102&#13&#10&#83&#97&#120&#111&#110&#121 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#54&#44 p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows in most &#111&#102 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 fruits during &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#108&#97&#116&#101 September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small groups of 30 mushrooms or &#108&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#68&#101&#101&#114&#13&#10&#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#111&#114 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 animal feces &#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 locations, even though &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#111&#110 top &#111&#102 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#46&#13&#10&#79&#99&#99&#97&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#115&#116&#117&#110&#116&#101&#100 specimens may be found in the mountains by the side of the road. The &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#111&#108&#100&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#119 pastures provides an excellent &#109&#101&#100&#105&#117&#109 &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 In some &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100 an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can be expected, if the pasture was grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting season.<br> However, the mushrooms also thrive under &#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#110 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#104&#101&#101&#112 pastures. Such grassy areas &#105&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#103&#114&#97&#122&#105&#110&#103 areas for deer, &#119&#104&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#119&#105&#116&#104 additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where artificial fertilizer has been used. Such pastures &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#102&#108&#97&#110&#107&#101&#100 &#98&#121 creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the soil with water. &#68&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#109&#109&#101&#114&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#114&#109 climate in &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#119&#101&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#115 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 environment &#102&#111&#114 &#111&#112&#116&#105&#109&#97&#108&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 &#73&#110 Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 to mountainous &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 has been found at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 ft) above sea level (MTB-8443, 1985). &#73&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to &#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#109 &#40&#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#45&#13&#10 </p> CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some] farmers in early times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a mealto liven it up and still do] Margot & Watling, 1981)." &#117&#108&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#98&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#110&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#109&#98&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 in &#115&#105&#122&#101 &#111&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#44 &#116&#111 Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#99&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry. In &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#44 &#73 &#119&#97&#110&#116 to emphasize once &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 varieties among &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#99&#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are extremely poisonous. As part of &#104&#105&#115 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus, Guzman &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#105&#116 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: &#97 &#102&#108&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#115&#109&#101&#108&#108 &#111&#114 &#116&#97&#115&#116&#101&#46 Apart &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#104&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 of our sense of smell and taste, a common odor is a trait that definitely does not apply &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 (also see Chapter 3.<br>2).<br> Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#45&#13&#10&#100&#101&#118&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111 can &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#100&#114&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#110&#100 accuracy. &#65&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, &#110&#111&#114 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 differentiate the Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#39&#115 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 provides important information needed to determine identity. &#65 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#108&#101&#102&#116 by &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 is placed on black or white paper (depending on spore color).<br> As the process takes several hours, a glass vessel &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 cap to prevent drying. While useful, &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#98&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#101&#115 has its limitations, For instance, spores derived from mushrooms belonging to different genera may have the same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There is also a &#104&#105&#103&#104 &#100&#101&#103&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_arcana/hallucinogenic_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms" >Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms</a> &#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103&#13&#10&#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent &#103&#114&#97&#118&#101 &#101&#114&#114&#111&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#97&#100&#108&#121 intoxications is to rely <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_arcana/hallucinogenic_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms" >Psilocybe Arcana Hallucinogenic Shrooms</a> on experienced experts for mushroom identification, &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 of &#97&#118&#97&#105&#108&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#101&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#100&#97&#116&#97&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#53&#13&#10&#84&#72&#69 BLUING PHENOMENON AND &#77&#69&#84&#79&#76&#13&#10&#84&#69&#83&#84&#73&#78&#71&#58 &#82&#69&#65&#76&#73&#84&#89 &#86&#83&#46 &#87&#73&#83&#72&#70&#85&#76 THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.<br>1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction &#105&#115 &#99&#104&#97&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 usually turns blue may not &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#108&#101&#115&#115 of psilocybin content. &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 I have examined, Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. &#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 species stain very quickly in reaction &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely blue stains, while &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#106&#111&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 &#97&#100&#118&#101&#114&#115&#101 physical effects or negative psychological reactions produced by "magic mushrooms" generally result &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#112&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#115&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 or because of improper dosage, which may vary considerably among consumers, different mushroom species, &#111&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110 individual species. The &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#105&#115 often confused by the &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. &#70&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 when picked and eaten from its natural dung &#40&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#41 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#115 &#97 relatively &#109&#105&#108&#100 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 is evident &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 fresh specimens needed to achieve a threshold experience. However when grown in vitro (indoor laboratory cultivation and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe cubensis <a href="http://growset.com/how_to_identify_shrooms_psychedelic/buy_psilocybin.htm" title="How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin" alt="How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin" >How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin</a> apparently can produce a more potent strain capable of inducing a &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 quite disturbing, experience.<br> This dosage assumes that the consumption of 1 &#116&#111 &#51 &#103&#109 &#111&#102 dried material would be too low if the mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110 &#99&#97&#109&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97 wild source. This low &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 has been confirmed by research scientists Margot & Watling, (1981), who were surprised <a href="http://growset.com/panaeolus_africanus.htm" title="Panaeolus Africanus" alt="Panaeolus Africanus" >Panaeolus Africanus</a> &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 amounts of psilocybin and psilocin which they extracted &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#119&#105&#108&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 from &#102&#105&#118&#101 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 Australia. &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 much larger dose &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 significant hallucinations. It is possible that &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 between the time that they &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#97&#114&#118&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 time of analysis. However, it &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 a strain &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 different flushes (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between flushes. </p> </div> </div> <div id="footer"><br /> Webdesign by <a href="http://growset.com/medicinal_mushroom/how_to_make_magic_mushroom.htm" title="Medicinal Mushroom How To Make Magic Mushroom" alt="Medicinal Mushroom How To Make Magic Mushroom" >Medicinal Mushroom How To Make Magic Mushroom</a> / <a href='http://www.brasilbeachhouses.com' alt='brasilbeachhouses' >brasilbeachhouses</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms/ls-Magic_Mushrooms-1024-pm14.aspx' alt='Magic mushrooms' >Magic mushrooms</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms-14-hc.aspx' alt='Magic Shrooms' >Magic Shrooms</a><br> </div> </body>