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There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 psychoactive visionary mushrooms have &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#46 Some &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#115 are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#116&#101&#114&#109 applied to any mushroom which contains &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#101 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#101&#46 <H3>Magic mushrooms</H3> &#73&#116 was invented by a &#76&#105&#102&#101 &#77&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101 &#101&#100&#105&#116&#111&#114 &#105&#110 l957 &#40 &#115&#101&#101 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#108&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis is &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#115 "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold &#99&#97&#112&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#101&#112&#105&#116&#104&#101&#116&#115 may <b>Shroomers</b> have been given &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#98&#121 members of a local, &#100&#114&#117&#103&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112 &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 which frequented the Gold Coast region of &#69&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#59 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 of these names have apparently been used &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 species of Psilocybe by users in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#65&#108&#108&#101&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#57&#55&#41&#46 As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand.<br> Those who ingest &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybin_potency_strain/eminems_house.htm" title="Psilocybin Potency Strain Eminems House" alt="Psilocybin Potency Strain Eminems House" >Psilocybin Potency Strain Eminems House</a> &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#115 &#34&#66&#108&#117&#101 Legs", "golden &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 &#111&#114 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#99&#97&#112&#115&#34&#46 The latter two nicknames, as &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115 &#34&#100&#105&#109&#112&#108&#101 &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 and "cone heads", are common terms &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 in &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105&#97&#110 &#73&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 some of these same popular names &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100 by visiting surfers from &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 Australia, &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99 characteristics &#111&#102 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 same surfers &#118&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105&#39&#115 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#83&#104&#111&#114&#101 have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_photo/grow_magic_mushroom_rye/" title="Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" alt="Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" >Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye</a> to &#115&#117&#114&#102&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#97&#115 &#100&#111 &#109&#97&#110&#121 of &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 Australia and NZ. There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New <p align="right"> &#69&#120&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#115 that man in the Old &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#8212&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#44 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#44 and Australia—has &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 native plants &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#104&#114&#117&#98&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World.<br> There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#108&#111&#98&#101 &#105&#115 poorer &#111&#114 &#114&#105&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 with hallucinogenic &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 half. Why, then, should there <a href="http://growset.com/PSILOCYBIN_kit_BUY/magic_mushroom_mycelial_growth_photos/" title="Psilocybin Kit Buy Magic Mushroom Mycelial Growth Photos" alt="Psilocybin Kit Buy Magic Mushroom Mycelial Growth Photos" >Psilocybin Kit Buy Magic Mushroom Mycelial Growth Photos</a> be &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121&#63 &#72&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110 in &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#121 not discovered &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 hallucinogenic plants? Are some of &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#116&#111&#111 &#116&#111&#120&#105&#99 &#105&#110 other ways to &#98&#101 &#117&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#100&#63 &#79&#114 &#104&#97&#115 man &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 been culturally less &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#110&#97&#114&#99&#111&#116&#105&#99&#115&#63 <a href="http://growset.com/copelandia_cyanescens/drug_shrooms.htm" title="Copelandia Cyanescens Drug Shrooms" alt="Copelandia Cyanescens Drug Shrooms" >Copelandia Cyanescens Drug Shrooms</a> &#87&#101 have no real answer.<br> But we do know &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 has &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#101&#109&#112&#108&#111&#121&#101&#100 hallucinogenically than does the New World: &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#49&#53 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 Hemisphere number more &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#49&#48&#48&#33 &#89&#101&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#67&#97&#110&#110&#97&#98&#105&#115&#44 &#117&#110&#100&#111&#117&#98&#116&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 most &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#102 &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#115&#111&#108&#97&#110&#97&#99&#101&#111&#117&#115 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115 of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#105&#110&#101&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of &#110&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#114&#111&#108&#101 &#111&#102 hallucinogens in &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112&#109&#101&#110&#116 of many areas of the Old World is only now &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100&#46 &#65&#116 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121 turn, its exte </p> </p> <h3>magic mushroom spores</h3> <p> . For that reason, freeze-dried samples for biochemical analysis are stored at -10°C prior to alkaloid extractions or chromatography testing. In addition to the reports from Finland, investigators in North America have noted that psilocybin's decay rate is slowest in Psilocybe semilanceata, compared to other species. (1) R = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - Structural formulas for psilocybin (1) and psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata in Germany and adjacent areas. Locations are indicated by black dots. CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS - POTENT MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species in addition to Psilocybe semilanceata is known to exist in Europe. At this point, I must emphasize that the differentiation of single species within the Psilocybe genus is subject to considerable controversy among eminent taxonomists. For example, there are different methods of distinguishing the Hypholoma genus from the Stropharia genus. The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While Psilocybe semilanceata is a species that has long been clearly defined and is well known by this name, there are, according to Krieglsteiner, other strongly bluing mushrooms that can be described as belonging to the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex". These are all mushrooms that grow on raw compost and plant debris. In accordance with current states of knowledge, the following names in the literature are merely synonyms for Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield emend. Krieglsteiner: different herbariums. However, the microscopic data pertaining to the Psilocybe species are poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe cyanescens be performed. To this end, fresh mushroom samples from various European locations should be used, and biochemical methods must be included in the investigation. Guzman's division of Psilocybe cyanescens by geographic area, however, definitely turned out to be inaccurate. According to his system, -North Africa was home to Psilocybe mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were found in England and Holland and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in Serbia and Bohemia. The geographic distribution of the entire species seems to cover a vast area, with variations along climate and terrain at locations where samples were collected. Such disparate morphologies are to be expected when dealing with "young" species, that is, species that have not yet firmly established themselves and are still expanding into new locations. Figure 7 (p. 14) displays locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma cyanescens R. Maire - Hypholoma coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) Kuhner & Romagnesi - Psilocybe serbica Moser & Horak - Psilocybe mairei Singer - Psilocyb and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag <div align="left"> More &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#102 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#39&#115 beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#50&#48 to 30 inch &#40&#53&#48&#48&#45&#55&#53&#48&#109&#109&#41 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#102&#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#116 &#111&#102 Queensland, &#78&#101&#119 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Northern &#86&#105&#99&#116&#111&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101 climatic <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_baeocystis_spores.htm" title="Psilocybe Baeocystis Spores" alt="Psilocybe Baeocystis Spores" >Psilocybe Baeocystis Spores</a> environments for &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#97&#110 mushrooms, especially after &#104&#101&#97&#118&#121 &#114&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 been suggested &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 into Australia accidentally by early settlers along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#105&#115 same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 known to &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the dung of other ruminants.<br> This &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#97&#110&#100 the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well &#97&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 recreational &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 to export these psychoptic &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 in Australia from &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 collected.<br> In the case &#111&#102 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 referred to &#97&#115 &#78&#90&#44 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#114&#101 the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108 of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., &#49&#57&#56&#56&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#115&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 of this guide documents reported &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time &#111&#114 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 purposes. </div> As they say, ʼTis the season to be pickingʼ, but make xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of Existing evidence indicates that man in &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_photo/grow_magic_mushroom_rye/" title="Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" alt="Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye" >Magic Mushroom Photo Grow Magic Mushroom Rye</a> &#8212&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#44 Asia, Africa, &#97&#110&#100 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#8212&#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#108&#101&#115&#115 use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110 to believe that &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#101&#103&#101&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#111&#110&#101 half &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#108&#111&#98&#101 &#105&#115 &#112&#111&#111&#114&#101&#114 or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#101 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121&#63 &#72&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110 in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 in <i>shrooms queensland</i> narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do &#107&#110&#111&#119 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 World &#104&#97&#115 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 employed &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the &#69&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#72&#101&#109&#105&#115&#112&#104&#101&#114&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 used hallucinogenically in &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#72&#101&#109&#105&#115&#112&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 more &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#49&#48&#48&#33 &#89&#101&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 of the Old what is meant by grow boxes World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#102 &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 hallucinogens, &#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#104&#97&#112&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#115&#116 example. The several &#115&#111&#108&#97&#110&#97&#99&#101&#111&#117&#115 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, &#98&#101&#108&#108&#97&#100&#111&#110&#110&#97&#44 <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_arcana/psilocybe_subcubensis.htm" title="Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Subcubensis" alt="Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Subcubensis" >Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Psilocybe Archives Subcubensis</a> &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#110&#100&#114&#97&#107&#101&#8212&#103&#114&#101&#97&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 &#118&#105&#116&#97&#108 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#103&#105&#111&#117&#115 role in the early Aryan &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#110&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#46 The role of &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 and &#115&#111&#99&#105&#97&#108 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#110&#121 areas of the Old World is only &#110&#111&#119 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100&#46 &#65&#116 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121 turn, <H1>what is meant by grow boxes</H1> its exte <p align="center"> &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#106&#111&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 adverse physical effects &#111&#114 &#110&#101&#103&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 produced &#98&#121 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 result from &#105&#110&#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#112&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#115&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 or &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101&#44 which may vary considerably among consumers, different mushroom species, or &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 The question of dosage is &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 variation in the source of the hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 consumed. For example, Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#112&#105&#99&#107&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 eaten from its natural &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#40&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#41 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#115 a relatively mild mindaltering &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 from the &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 needed to achieve a &#116&#104&#114&#101&#115&#104&#111&#108&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#119&#104&#101&#110 grown in &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111 &#40&#105&#110&#100&#111&#111&#114 &#108&#97&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 and/or illicit cultivation), &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#99&#97&#110 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 a more potent &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 a very intense visual, sometimes quite <u>magic mushroom spores</u> disturbing, experience. This dosage assumes that the consumption &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 &#51 gm of dried &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#116&#111&#111 low if the mushroom <a href="http://growset.com/danger_of_shrooms/identify_shrooms.htm" title="Danger Shrooms Shrooms Danger Of" alt="Danger Shrooms Shrooms Danger Of" >Danger Shrooms Shrooms Danger Of</a> specimen came from a wild source.<br> This &#108&#111&#119 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis has been confirmed by &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively small amounts of psilocybin and &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#100 from wild specimens collected from five different &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#115 that a &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 required to &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 possible that &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 degenerated between the time that they were harvested and the &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 it should be noted that a strain of Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#108&#117&#115&#104&#101&#115 (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between <b>identification of magic mushrooms</b> flushes. </p> Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte </p> <h3>Coast Tops Gold Location Gold Tops @ 3/12/2010 1:04:50 AM</h3> <p> </p> <p> The majority of adverse physical effects or negative psychological reactions produced by "magic mushrooms" generally result from inappropriate set and expectation, or because of improper dosage, which may vary considerably among consumers, different mushroom species, or even within an individual species. The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. For example, Psilocybe cubensis, when picked and eaten from its natural dung (manure) habitat, produces a relatively mild mindaltering experience, which is evident from the large amounts of fresh specimens needed to achieve a threshold experience. However when grown in vitro (indoor laboratory cultivation and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe cubensis apparently can produce a more potent strain capable of inducing a very intense visual, sometimes quite disturbing, experience. This dosage assumes that the consumption of 1 to 3 gm of dried material would be too low if the mushroom specimen came from a wild source. This low potency for Psilocybe cubensis has been confirmed by research scientists Margot & Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively small amounts of psilocybin and psilocin which they extracted from wild specimens collected from five different locations in Australia. This suggests that a much larger dose would be required to produce significant hallucinations. It is possible that the chemicals most likely degenerated between the time that they were harvested and the time of analysis. However, it should be noted that a strain of Psilocybe cubensis producing different flushes (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between flushes. INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). <p align="justify"> More than half of Australia's beef cattle &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 the &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#111&#102 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100 and New South Wales; &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#50&#48 &#116&#111 &#51&#48 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#86&#105&#99&#116&#111&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101 adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy &#114&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis &#119&#97&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108&#108&#121 by early settlers along with &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 occur in or around the &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115&#46 This includes Psilocybe semilanceata &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#34&#104&#97&#121&#109&#97&#107&#101&#114&#39&#115&#34 mushroom &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 are raised &#105&#110 &#97&#108&#108 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115&#44 as well as &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#97&#108 &#108&#111&#119&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 recreational &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 to export these psychoptic species to various &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#102&#114&#111&#109 areas where they were collected. In the &#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 &#99&#97&#112&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata only grows in the manured soil &#111&#102 &#102&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#110&#111&#116 directly from manure (Jansen, &#80&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#67&#111&#109&#109&#46&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#56&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#101 identification section <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_heimii/cow_shrooms.htm" title="Shrooms Cow Shrooms Shrooms" alt="Shrooms Cow Shrooms Shrooms" >Shrooms Cow Shrooms Shrooms</a> &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 locations &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#49 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likely have been used at one time or another for &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#115&#46 </p> <a href="http://growset.com/mushroom/" title="Mushroom" alt="Mushroom" >Mushroom</a> <p align="center"> Mushies <b>Mushies</b> This document provides <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_baeocystis/how_to_take_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Baeocystis How To Take Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Baeocystis How To Take Shrooms" >Psilocybe Baeocystis How To Take Shrooms</a> complete directions <H1>Mushies</H1> for <i>Mushies</i> cultivating Mushies psilocybin </p> This document provides complete directions for cultivating psilocybin As they say, ʼTis the season to be pickingʼ, but make <i>psylocybe-cyanescens growset</i> Dosages &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110&#97 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#225&#110 & &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 <H1>psylocybe-cyanescens growset</H1> <a href="http://growset.com/inocybe_aeruginascens/psilocybe_arcana.htm" title="Inocybe Aeruginascens Arcana Inocybe" alt="Inocybe Aeruginascens Arcana Inocybe" >Inocybe Aeruginascens Arcana Inocybe</a> &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#101&#117&#99&#97&#108&#121&#112&#116&#97 <a href="http://growset.com/buy_shrooms_online/galerina_steglechii.htm" title="Buy Shrooms Online Galerina Steglechii" alt="Buy Shrooms Online Galerina Steglechii" >Buy Shrooms Online Galerina Steglechii</a> &#71&#117&#122&#109&#225&#110 & <i>Caps</i> <b>Caps</b> <p align="right"> This &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#115 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_kit/" title="Magic Mushroom Kit" alt="Magic Mushroom Kit" >Magic Mushroom Kit</a> &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_kit/" title="Magic Mushroom Kit" alt="Magic Mushroom Kit" >Magic Mushroom Kit</a> for cultivating &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 </p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="footer"><br /> Webdesign by <a href="http://growset.com/Psilocybe_weilii_description/" title="Psilocybe Weilii Description" alt="Psilocybe Weilii Description" >Psilocybe Weilii Description</a> / <a href='http://www.brasilbeachhouses.com' alt='brasilbeachhouses' >brasilbeachhouses</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms/ls-Magic_Mushrooms-1024-pm14.aspx' alt='Magic mushrooms' >Magic mushrooms</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms-14-hc.aspx' alt='Magic Shrooms' >Magic Shrooms</a><br> </div> </body>