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<p align="center"> Most &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis &#40&#119&#104&#101&#110 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111&#41 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 a dosage &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 &#50 gm &#111&#102 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 produce &#97&#110 &#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 consciousness; a &#99&#108&#105&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis, on the &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#97&#100 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115&#108&#121 &#98&#101&#101&#110 reported &#97&#115 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#51 to 5 gm &#111&#102 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 dosage &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 the amount of fungal material consumed for religious &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#97 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 Indian healing and curing ceremony. &#73&#110 &#49&#57&#56&#50&#44 &#111&#110&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 team &#34&#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 of psilocybin &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#118&#101&#114 a factor of 4 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111 cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#111&#117&#116&#100&#111&#111&#114&#115 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#100 tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms &#119&#101&#105&#103&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#97&#115 much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small <a href="http://growset.com/history_of_magic_shrooms/magic_mushrooms_pics.htm" title="Mushrooms Pics History History Magic Of Mushrooms" alt="Mushrooms Pics History History Magic Of Mushrooms" >Mushrooms Pics History History Magic Of Mushrooms</a> mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has &#111&#98&#115&#101&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#34&#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#48&#46&#53 gm &#116&#111 &#53&#46&#57 &#103&#109 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 weight (10 gm to 40 gm &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104&#41&#34&#44 &#111&#102 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#46 &#68&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 subcubensis &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 as for &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <a href="http://growset.com/hallucinogenic_shrooms/effects_of_shrooms.htm" title="Hallucinogenic Shrooms Effects Of Shrooms" alt="Hallucinogenic Shrooms Effects Of Shrooms" >Hallucinogenic Shrooms Effects Of Shrooms</a> &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#66&#111&#116&#104 &#111&#102 these latter two species are macroscopically &#97&#108&#105&#107&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#40&#99&#97&#112 &#100&#105&#97&#109&#101&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#46 2.5 mm); however, personal &#116&#111&#108&#101&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 may &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 &#117&#115&#101&#44 and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#97&#115 many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. </p> ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry. In this context, I want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are extremely poisonous. As part of his investigation of the Psilocybe genus, Guzman noted a common trait among the hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart from the inherent subjective nature of our sense of smell and taste, a common odor is a trait that definitely does not apply to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe semilanceata - devoted mushroom hunters who can identify the species with drill and accuracy. At the same time, however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are they able to differentiate the Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia. A mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white paper (depending on spore color). As the process takes several hours, a glass vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent drying. While useful, information obtained from spore analyses has its limitations, For instance, spores derived from mushrooms belonging to different genera may have the same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There is also a high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts for mushroom identification, a process that must include analysis of available ecological data. CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND METOL TESTING: REALITY VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or samples belonging to a genus that usually turns blue may not always change color, regardless of psilocybin content. Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps of this species stain very quickly in reaction to pressure. Other species, such as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely blue stains, while their caps do not exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe was followed by a very vivid sensation of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply impressive and seemed to impart an inkling of eternity. At the end of four hours, the effects had dissipated without dysphoria or any type of somatic side effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using 0.8 g of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset of symptoms was much more sudden, including a heavy flow of tears, so that there was an initial phase of anxiety. Only in a later phase of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", and to appreciate the aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions. The regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens into new habitats during the 1980s. For example, at the time of the initial intoxications - when the species was still restricted to a few easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had spread from Potsdam to the location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other locations in the vicinity, where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With Trees Starting in late May 1984, fruiting bodies of the species could be found in abundance at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of different deciduous trees (Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of trails and in the paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the suburbs and communities in and around Berlin. Herein lies the most marked difference between Inocybe aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows only in areas of human development. Their prime locations are in the middle of villages and towns, where they grow locally much like other Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring mushroom. So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in 1987, due to very wet weather conditions, which allowed the mushrooms to thrive. The following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a few mushrooms re-emerged at the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 having been a bad year for mushrooms, it was the year when Inocybe aeruginascens was found for the first time at four locations in and around Rostock, a city located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous for its wet climate. Finding the mushrooms at these locations is evidence for a mu In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. </p> <h3>guys</h3> <p> <p align="right"> CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 may ask &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 these &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and New Zealand?" &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 be endemic,that is, &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 naturally. Other species such as &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms most likelyappeared &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle <a href="http://growset.com/sauteed_mushroom_recipe/fresh_magic_mushroom.htm" title="Fresh Magic Recipe Mushroom Sauteed Magic" alt="Fresh Magic Recipe Mushroom Sauteed Magic" >Fresh Magic Recipe Mushroom Sauteed Magic</a> on the subcontinent.<br>The first livestock to &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 from the Cape of Good Hope &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 1973). According to &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 in thecase of &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 introduced species".<br> &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 that fungi can &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 of P. cubensis as a recreational &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 &#116&#104&#101 belief that some] farmers &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#109&#97&#121 have] &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 up and still do] Margot & Watling, 1981).<br>" CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 may ask the &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms arrive in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 some species may be endemic,that is, they were &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 species &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.<br>The first &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia were &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals.<br> Byl803, the &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 cattle, most of &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape, Calcutta, and the west &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this period thatsome of the &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this field guide &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 (Unsigned, &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 &#111&#114 horse-dung and confined to &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 thecase of Australia, all &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 Watling &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 Gardens in &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 beremembered that fungi can change substrate &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 coprophilousfungi on &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some] farmers in early times may have] added &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 gilled &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 liven it up &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 FUNGI One may ask the question, "how &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia and &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 of cattle on the subcontinent.The &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 the government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west coast &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this period thatsome &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 &#111&#114 horse-dung and confined &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 spread the spores. According &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 of the Royal Botanic &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 "it must beremembered &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 substrate preferences and there &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 P. cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 in early times may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two basidiomes gilled &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 liven &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 do Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally. Other species such as the above described dung-inhabiting &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 the &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 the subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 included &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 cows, along with &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 Byl803, the government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 Calcutta, and the west coast of America. &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 thatsome of the visionary mushrooms &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 guide &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 (Unsigned, 1973). &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 John Burton Cleland(1934), &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 or &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 such &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 of Australia, all belong &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 is believed to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 dung &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 Gardens in &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 beremembered that fungi can change substrate &#112&#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim that the "use &#111&#102 &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 a &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 the belief that some farmers in early &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 one or two basidiomes gilled &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 liven it up and still do Margot & Watling, 1981).<br>" </p> as well. Below are some excerpts from his research protocols: J.H. (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and body. His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run a distance of about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate five mushrooms. Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating around the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By the following morning, all of these effects had dissipated. The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had been cooked in water. The above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents. Much work still remains to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before the body of knowledge about psychotropic mushroom species in Japan can grow to become adequate. The geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus species must also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the species that are growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent has been studied only peripherally and remains largely unknown. During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really shouldn't come as a surprise that the oldest traces of human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to This document provides complete directions for cultivating psilocybin This document provides complete directions for cultivating psilocybin &#46 &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#44 freeze-dried samples &#102&#111&#114 &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#116&#111&#114&#101&#100 at -10°C prior &#116&#111 &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#13&#10&#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#114 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#109&#97&#116&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 testing. In addition to the reports from Finland, investigators in &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#39&#115 decay rate &#105&#115&#13&#10&#115&#108&#111&#119&#101&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 to other species. (1) R = H2P03 (2) &#82 &#61 &#72&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#57 - Structural &#102&#111&#114&#109&#117&#108&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#40&#49&#41 &#97&#110&#100 psilocin &#40&#50&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#51&#13&#10&#67&#72&#51&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#50&#48 &#45 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata in &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#100&#106&#97&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115&#46&#13&#10&#76&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 indicated by black dots. CHAPTER &#51&#46&#50&#13&#10&#80&#83&#73&#76&#79&#67&#89&#66&#69 &#67&#89&#65&#78&#69&#83&#67&#69&#78&#83 &#45 &#80&#79&#84&#69&#78&#84 MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species in addition to &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 to exist in Europe.<br> At &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#44 &#73 &#109&#117&#115&#116 emphasize that the &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 within the Psilocybe genus is &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#118&#101&#114&#115&#121 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 eminent taxonomists. For example, there are different methods of distinguishing the Hypholoma &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#83&#116&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#114&#105&#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While Psilocybe semilanceata is &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#110 clearly defined and is well known by this name, there are, according to Krieglsteiner, &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#111&#110&#103&#108&#121 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 can be described as &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 complex".<br> These are &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 raw compost and plant debris. In accordance with current &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 names in the literature are merely synonyms &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#13&#10&#87&#97&#107&#101&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#101&#109&#101&#110&#100&#46 &#75&#114&#105&#101&#103&#108&#115&#116&#101&#105&#110&#101&#114&#58&#13&#10&#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 herbariums. &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#100&#97&#116&#97 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 to &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#98&#101 &#112&#101&#114&#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#111 this end, fresh mushroom &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 be used, and biochemical &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 the investigation. &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 by geographic area, however, definitely turned out to be inaccurate.<br> According to his system, -North &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 &#104&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#111 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were found in &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#72&#111&#108&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 serbica supposedly grew in &#83&#101&#114&#98&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#66&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#103&#101&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#105&#99 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 of &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#110&#116&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#101&#109&#115 &#116&#111 cover a vast area, with variations along &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#97&#116 locations where samples were collected.<br> Such disparate &#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 when dealing with "young" species, that is, species that have not yet firmly established themselves &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 into new locations.<br> Figure 7 (p. 14) displays locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#82&#46 &#77&#97&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#45 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) &#75&#117&#104&#110&#101&#114 &#38&#13&#10&#82&#111&#109&#97&#103&#110&#101&#115&#105&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <a href="http://growset.com/poisonous_mushroom.htm" title="Mushroom Articles Mushroom" alt="Mushroom Articles Mushroom" >Mushroom Articles Mushroom</a> &#115&#101&#114&#98&#105&#99&#97 Moser &#38 &#72&#111&#114&#97&#107&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#114&#101&#105 Singer - Psilocyb <p align="left"> There are more than 1 &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms" &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#70&#111&#117&#114 of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms.<br> They include &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 subcubensis (known locally as &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#99&#97&#112&#115&#34 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia cyanescens (the &#108&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 as "blue meanies").<br> These four species contain the mind altering alkaloids psilocybine <a href="http://growset.com/how_to_identify_shrooms_psychedelic/buy_psilocybin.htm" title="How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin" alt="How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin" >How To Identify Shrooms Psychedelic Buy Psilocybin</a> and psilocine and are the &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Australia. In &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_picture/magic_mushroom_spore/" title="MUSHROOM MAGIC MAGIC MUSHROOM PICTURE PICTURE" alt="MUSHROOM MAGIC MAGIC MUSHROOM PICTURE PICTURE" >MUSHROOM MAGIC MAGIC MUSHROOM PICTURE PICTURE</a> &#109&#111&#115&#116 commonly used species &#97&#114&#101 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 is recognized throughout the world as the "liberty cap"). This species only occurs in manured soil and does not &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 dung of cattle, sheep &#111&#114 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 farm &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 most popular of these species, is well known throughout much of the world; however, this species &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 occur in New Zealand.<br> Other species described in this guide are known to &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44 in pastures, meadows, grazing &#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#108&#97&#119&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 in the bark mulch &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#111&#111&#100&#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 &#111&#102 &#100&#101&#99&#105&#100&#117&#111&#117&#115 woods. </p> <p align="right"> own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#97&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#105&#115&#116&#44 for example,,, as figures of speech, s u &#99 &#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 slick Austrian description &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 as &#115&#111&#109&#101&#111&#110&#101 &#34&#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#100&#110&#101&#115&#115&#45&#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 mushrooms.<br>" But, there &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#70&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 the &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom &#116&#114&#105&#112 &#45&#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 in the &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 &#111&#102 &#68&#105&#111&#110&#121&#115&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#80&#111&#114&#112&#104&#121&#114&#105&#117&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 fourth &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121 &#76&#97&#116&#105&#110 &#112&#111&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 of &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 the gods. WHO &#87&#65&#83 &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#82&#83&#84 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act &#111&#102 &#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 the gods unlocked one's power to experience &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#117&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#66&#117&#116 not &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#101&#110&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 to enter &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 magic &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#105&#100&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#97&#119&#110 of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 or "flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#99&#114&#101&#100 mushrooms were eaten during the course of &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 Gods in order to learn &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#100 the realm of the divine. &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 spooked the Catholic Spaniards.<br> The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 the Inquisition. Still, all good <a href="http://growset.com/mushroom_culture_in_thailand.htm" title="Mushroom Culture In Thailand" alt="Mushroom Culture In Thailand" >Mushroom Culture In Thailand</a> things survive the tests of time, so &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#100&#105&#100 not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued &#116&#111 &#102&#108&#111&#117&#114&#105&#115&#104&#44 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 proper time in recorded history, in &#49&#57&#53&#55&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 fully grown &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#45&#115&#117&#114&#102&#97&#99&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#100&#114&#97&#119 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 public &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#86&#97&#108&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 became the heroes of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110 &#110&#101&#111&#45&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#111&#118&#101&#109&#101&#110&#116&#46&#13&#10&#66&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 the &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 "fool's mushrooms" &#45 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#101 &#59 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 inedible - &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#111&#103&#110&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#97&#115 closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Aztec Gods. The souls of magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 are essentially made from the same substance: &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 an extraordinary contribution &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#111&#102 mycology by embracing Germany's &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 scientific study and testing of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 upon which &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 require nothing less &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#97 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#108&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#98&#114&#97&#118&#101 and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia.<br> I am convinced that &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114&#39&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 &#101&#118&#101&#114 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 from the usual &#105&#118&#111&#114&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#97&#99&#97&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 reality </p> xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of </p> <h3>effects effects salicinus Pluteus @ 3/11/2010 2:04:00 AM</h3> <p> </p> <p> Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_cyanescens/danger_of_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms" >Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms</a> been traditionally used &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#103&#105&#111&#117&#115 <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_cyanescens/danger_of_shrooms.htm" title="Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms" alt="Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms" >Psilocybe Cyanescens Danger Of Shrooms</a> &#104&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 <b>Magic Mushroom Kits</b> curing ceremonies <i>Pluteus salicinus</i> by &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#84&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#111 have a long &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms, inhabit a range of mountains called the Sierra Mazateca in the northeastern corner of the Mexican &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 &#111&#102 &#79&#97&#120&#97&#99&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101 shamans in this essay &#97&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#108 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 town of Huautla &#100&#101 &#74&#105&#109&#101&#110&#101&#122&#46 &#80&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 they are Huautecans; but since the &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#97&#103&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107 &#104&#97&#115 been called Mazatec &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 referred to in the previous anthropological literature as <a href="http://growset.com/supplies.htm" title="Supplies" alt="Supplies" >Supplies</a> &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115&#44 &#73 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 that name, though strictly speaking, &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#110&#116&#115 of the village of Mazatlan in the &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 <div align="left"> &#13&#10&#119&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#119&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 &#97&#108&#108 colors in her immediate surroundings coalesced into shades of green.<br> The hallucinations were &#102&#101&#97&#114&#115&#111&#109&#101&#59 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#101&#97&#100&#115&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#109&#111&#110&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 became visible and a wall opened &#117&#112&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#111 &#97&#110 &#97&#98&#121&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#119&#97&#115 &#97 succession of human figure with animal heads.<br> The next &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 &#98&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#110&#111&#114&#109&#97&#108&#46 The oldest child (age 14) also saw &#104&#101&#114 &#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#115&#39 &#104&#97&#105&#114 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114 turn green, had dilated pupils and watched geometric shapes appear on the wall. The youngest child (age 11) experienced cramps and lost consciousness. In 1960, Singer and &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 might contain psilocybin, because of &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101 &#98&#108&#117&#101 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 had observed. &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115&#110&#39&#116 &#117&#110&#116&#105&#108 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 the intoxications in Menton had been publicized, that a research team working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 this concentration appears to be too low to cause &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#76&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 Sandoz Laboratories &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#111&#102 psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#101&#114&#111&#116&#111&#110&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#105&#116&#115 derivates in the mushroom sample that &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#83&#116&#105&#106&#118&#101&#44 a mushroom sample collected &#98&#121 &#74&#46&#87&#46 &#65&#108&#108&#101&#110 &#105&#110 Thailand &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100&#13&#10&#48&#46&#52&#37 &#45 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_kits/shitake_oaxaca.htm" title="Magic Mushroom Kits Shitake Oaxaca" alt="Magic Mushroom Kits Shitake Oaxaca" >Magic Mushroom Kits Shitake Oaxaca</a> &#49&#46&#48&#53&#37 &#111&#102 psilocin, with only trace amounts of psilocybin; serotonin was present &#105&#110&#13&#10&#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 concentrations found in all Panaeolus &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#112&#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#115 &#109&#111&#114&#101 psilocin than psilocybin. Still, I was &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#116&#101&#99&#116 &#48&#46&#52&#37 of psilocybin in mycelia cultivated on malt agar, with no other indole compounds present. Discussion of the Panaeolus species would remain incomplete without pointing &#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#101&#114&#114&#105&#102&#121&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#101&#115&#13&#10&#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 in 1965 &#99&#97&#110&#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#97&#116&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 a specific mushroom ingredient, but were likely precipitated &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#105&#114&#99&#117&#109&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100 setting) surrounding the incident. The effects &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#74&#46&#13&#10&#65&#108&#108&#101&#110 &#105&#110 Hawaii after &#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#50&#48 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#112&#97&#105&#110&#116 a different picture altogether: With radio music playing softly in the dark, euphoria began to come on in &#119&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#102&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#50&#48 &#109&#105&#110&#117&#116&#101&#115&#44 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 became so intense that I tried to close &#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#46 &#87&#104&#101&#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#49 did &#99&#108&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#108&#105&#100&#115 felt as &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#112&#114&#97&#121&#101&#100 from the outside.<br> Colors were sharp and clear, but I always quickly opened my &#101&#121&#101&#115 &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#100&#97&#110&#99&#105&#110&#103 like laser beams &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#104&#121&#116&#104&#109 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 music. The stars &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#107&#121 &#97&#115&#115&#101&#109&#98&#108&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 that reached all the way into my soul. I was a little &#115&#99&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#97 that the ocean water &#109&#105&#103&#104&#116 &#114&#117&#115&#104 &#117&#112 &#97&#108&#108 the way &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#111&#117&#114 &#104&#117&#116&#46&#13&#10&#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 that, feelings &#111&#102 &#101&#117&#112&#104&#111&#114&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101&#13&#10&#111&#118&#101&#114&#119&#104&#101&#108&#109&#105&#110&#103&#46 &#65&#116 times, I was overcome by &#102&#105&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#108&#97&#117&#103&#104&#116&#101&#114&#46 &#84&#104&#97&#116 &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116&#44 I slept like "a prince ". The following morning I gathered up my belongings and had to walk back across the pasture where I had collected the mushrooms the day before.<br> I noticed &#97 &#108&#111&#116 &#111 </div> ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry. In this context, I want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are extremely poisonous. As part of his investigation of the Psilocybe genus, Guzman noted a common trait among the hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart from the inherent subjective nature of our sense of smell and taste, a common odor is a trait that definitely does not apply to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe semilanceata - devoted mushroom hunters who can identify the species with drill and accuracy. At the same time, however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are they able to differentiate the Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow on the same pasture. Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than Psilocybe semilanceata. In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia. A mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white paper (depending on spore color). As the process takes several hours, a glass vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent drying. While useful, information obtained from spore analyses has its limitations, For instance, spores derived from mushrooms belonging to different genera may have the same color, but reveal basic differences under the microscope. There is also a high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts for mushroom identification, a process that must include analysis of available ecological data. CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND METOL TESTING: REALITY VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or samples belonging to a genus that usually turns blue may not always change color, regardless of psilocybin content. Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps of this species stain very quickly in reaction to pressure. Other species, such as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely blue stains, while their caps do not exhibit the bluing reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe <p align="right"> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#111 that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 these mushrooms &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 <a href="http://growset.com/psilocybe_cubensis_fields/psilocybin_growing_kits.htm" title="Psilocybe Cubensis Fields Psilocybin Growing Kits" alt="Psilocybe Cubensis Fields Psilocybin Growing Kits" >Psilocybe Cubensis Fields Psilocybin Growing Kits</a> &#97&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101 &#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#101&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 immerse themselves in this complex area of study.<br> Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - &#66&#114&#111&#110&#122&#101 &#100&#111&#111&#114&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 is home &#116&#111 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 other &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#70&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#109&#111&#114&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 European mushroom species &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#13&#10&#102&#108&#111&#117&#114&#105&#115&#104&#105&#110&#103 psychotropic mycoflora &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#13&#10&#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 found in other countries. It is unlikely &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#101&#97&#114&#110&#101&#100 less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms &#119&#97&#115 &#108&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#114 &#100&#101&#115&#116&#114&#111&#121&#101&#100 &#97&#116 some &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#115 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#115 several hundred years ago.<br> The discovery that the fly &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#40&#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#41 &#119&#97&#115 known &#102&#111&#114 &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 Siberia &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 the effects &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#110 human consciousness.<br> However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time.<br> While the usage of <a href="http://growset.com/coin_variety/how_to_take_shrooms.htm" title="Coin Variety How To Take Shrooms" alt="Coin Variety How To Take Shrooms" >Coin Variety How To Take Shrooms</a> &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#83&#105&#98&#101&#114&#105&#97&#110 &#116&#114&#105&#98&#101&#115 has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#102&#108&#121 &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 do &#110&#111&#116 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 species are likely to have had a &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#110 early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#110&#100 severe <u>mushrooms south africa</u> somatic side &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#121&#112&#111&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#114&#111&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#45 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 a knowledge of </p> <div align="justify"> &#98&#121 &#65&#46 &#72&#111&#102&#109&#97&#110&#110&#44 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes.<br> The results of pharmacological &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#115&#111&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#97&#108&#101&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#115 an alkaloid &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#101&#114&#102&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#97&#102&#101 &#102&#111&#114 human subjects &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 <a href="http://growset.com/magic_mushroom_canada/portobello_mushroom_recipe.htm" title="Mushroom Portobello Mushroom Mushroom Portobello Mushroom" alt="Mushroom Portobello Mushroom Mushroom Portobello Mushroom" >Mushroom Portobello Mushroom Mushroom Portobello Mushroom</a> &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#68&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 evidence, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#116&#105&#45&#100&#114&#117&#103 &#108&#101&#103&#105&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#102&#114&#97&#109&#101&#119&#111&#114&#107 &#111&#102 the mid1960s firmly established an "official &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#34&#44 &#97&#13&#10&#109&#105&#115&#103&#117&#105&#100&#101&#100&#44 &#121&#101&#116 &#101&#110&#116&#114&#101&#110&#99&#104&#101&#100 policy that still prevails today and effectively &#112&#114&#101&#118&#101&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#13&#10&#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 promising &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#102&#111&#114 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 other alkaloids. At the &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 studies have shown &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#108 over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are &#110&#111 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97&#110&#121 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#97&#110&#100 must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 across cultures, individuals tend to develop &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#111&#119&#110 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#97&#116&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 towards mushrooms &#105&#110 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#46 &#79&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#111&#102 specific opinions about mushrooms &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#98&#97&#99&#107 &#116&#111 childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#97&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#110 life.<br> I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about &#102&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#111&#108&#100&#46 &#73 &#119&#97&#115 playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have &#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#103&#111&#116&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#110&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 I did grow &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97 devoted mushroom enthusiast.<br> On the other hand, a different childhood event &#104&#97&#115 &#108&#101&#102&#116 &#109&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the vivid memory of &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#108&#97&#110&#100&#102&#105&#108&#108 &#118&#105&#114&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of &#97&#119&#101 &#73 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 this sight.<br> In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely &#114&#101&#115&#112&#111&#110&#115&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#111&#110&#103 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 in life, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#110&#13&#10&#109&#97&#121 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#105&#110&#116&#111 various attitudes &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114&#13&#10&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#65&#110 &#101&#110&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve &#116&#111&#13&#10&#97&#109&#112&#108&#105&#102&#121 &#111&#114 &#100&#105&#109&#105&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#99 as well as mycophilic &#100&#105&#115&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 of other &#102&#97&#99&#116&#111&#114&#115&#46 &#65&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#97&#108&#108&#44 &#106&#117&#100&#103&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, &#98&#105&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 chapters are meant to illustrate &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#105&#118&#101&#114&#115&#105&#116&#121 &#111&#102 &#97&#116&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 towards psychotropic mushrooms.<br> Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#102&#101&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#105&#110&#103 evidence that the effects of &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#112&#101&#110 to many &#112&#111&#115&#115&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#112&#114&#101&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#51&#13&#10&#84&#72&#69 &#67&#85&#82&#82&#69&#78&#84 STATE &#79&#70 &#75&#78&#79&#87&#76&#69&#68&#71&#69 &#65&#66&#79&#85&#84&#13&#10&#69&#85&#82&#79&#80&#69&#65&#78 &#83&#80&#69&#67&#73&#69&#83&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#40&#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Krieglsteiner).<br> Black dots indicate approximate &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111 </div> <p align="left"> &#13&#10&#73&#78&#84&#82&#79&#68&#85&#67&#84&#73&#79&#78&#13&#10&#77&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#40&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#41 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been traditionally &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#108&#105&#103&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#104&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 and curing ceremonies by &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#115&#111&#97&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 for more than &#51&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115&#46 &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 recreational &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 by &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#115 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100&#44 <i>how to growing magic mushrooms at home</i> &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#105&#110 various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, &#71&#114&#101&#97&#116 &#66&#114&#105&#116&#97&#105&#110&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#40&#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#105&#110 the Netherlands), Scandinavia, &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#44 <u>psylocybe-cyanescens growset</u> &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#44 India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, &#110&#111&#110&#45&#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 has been &#115&#116&#105&#109&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#121 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#97 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 in &#110&#101&#119&#115&#112&#97&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#109&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101&#115&#44 &#119&#111&#114&#100&#45&#111&#102&#45&#109&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 the World <a href="http://growset.com/Psilocybe_weilii_description/" title="Description Psilocybe Weilii" alt="Description Psilocybe Weilii" >Description Psilocybe Weilii</a> &#87&#105&#100&#101 &#87&#101&#98 &#97&#110&#100 &#73&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#116&#44 and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#101&#116&#104&#110&#111&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, &#116&#114&#97&#118&#101&#108&#101&#114 &#74&#101&#114&#101&#109&#121 &#83&#97&#110&#102&#111&#114&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#97&#108&#116&#104 guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , &#77&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59&#74&#97&#110&#115&#101&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#57&#49&#41&#46&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 guide reviews &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#98&#111&#116&#104 the &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#102&#117&#108 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 gathered from <a href="http://growset.com/Psilocybe_weilii_description/" title="Description Psilocybe Weilii" alt="Description Psilocybe Weilii" >Description Psilocybe Weilii</a> personal experiences in Australia by the author and &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100 &#49&#57&#55&#48&#59 &#79&#39&#78&#101&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#54&#41&#46 </p> ed and large numbers of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a sound theoretical framework able to explain the relationship between chemical compounds and the manifestation of their psychoactivity. Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be traced all the way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy of disputes and arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a sequence of altered states of consciousness, which do not fit the syndrome labeled "toxic psychosis". Rather, it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. This view is shared by a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained professionals. A Plethora of Names The broad range of possible experiences inspired the use of labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics and others. "Phantastica" (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances. This term successfully evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has disparaged "psychedelics" as excessively glamorous and too positive a label, as the term was popular among Timothy Leary's fans and supporters. When used in low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely to bring about a kind of magical transformation of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru </p> </div> </div> <div id="footer"><br /> Webdesign by <a href="http://growset.com/nature_field_guide_books/mushroom_kits.htm" title="Nature Field Guide Books Mushroom Kits" alt="Nature Field Guide Books Mushroom Kits" >Nature Field Guide Books Mushroom Kits</a> / <a href='http://www.brasilbeachhouses.com' alt='brasilbeachhouses' >brasilbeachhouses</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms/ls-Magic_Mushrooms-1024-pm14.aspx' alt='Magic mushrooms' >Magic mushrooms</a><br><a href='http://www.shayanashop.com/Magic_Mushrooms-14-hc.aspx' alt='Magic Shrooms' >Magic Shrooms</a><br> </div> </body>